摘要： 人口转变是长周期的动态过程，伴随人口转变不同时期的规律性结果，人口机会窗口的表现形态呈动态变化，人口红利形态也随之动态转型。第一次人口红利是数量型人口优势与劳动密集型产业结构及转型过程中生产要素需求的有机结合，积极的就业政策和高劳动参与率是获取人口红利的主要路径。后人口转变时期的劳动年龄人口减少、抚养比升高，导致第一次人口红利的人口基础发生转型，第一次人口红利积累雄厚的人力资本后，成为促进经济增长转型的积极因素。从劳动参与率向劳动生产率转型，是继续收获人口红利和新时代现代化建设的客观需求，而进一步推进深化改革开放、实现创新驱动高质量发展和促进产业内部高级化转型，是提高劳动生产率的主要路径。

关键词: 人口红利, 劳动参与率, 劳动生产率, 改革开放, 高质量发展

Abstract: The demographic transition is a dynamic process of long-term cycle. With the regularity of the population transition in di?erent periods, the pattern of the population opportunity window changes dynamically, and the demographic dividend pattern also changes dynamically. The first demographic dividend is an organic combination of quantitative population advantage and labor-intensive industrial structure and demand for production factors in the process of transformation. Active employment policy and high labor participation rate are the main routes of obtaining demographic dividends. The decline in population and the increase in dependency ratio have led to aging population and the demographic transition of the first demographic dividend. Human capital becomes more abundant and becomes a positive factor in promoting economic growth. The participation rate has shifted to labor productivity and continues to harvest the demographic dividend. This is an objective demand for modernization in the new era. The transition from labor participation rate to labor productivity is the objective need to continue to harvest demographic dividend and modernization in the new era.

Key words:  demographic dividend, labor participation rate, labor productivity, reform and opening up, high quality development