摘要： “三千年未有之变局”是对晚清几十年承上启下巨大社会变迁的准确概括。但如何评价晚清，在学术界却有极大争议。目前学术界对晚清的研究和评价，主要有民族主义和殖民主义两个维度或视角，但这两个维度或视角都有其局限性。如果从全球史的视角重新研究和评价晚清，会得出全然不同的结论。晚清时期与此前最大的不同是，中国与外部世界的关系发生了根本性变化，中国人传统的“夷夏观”被彻底颠覆，正是在此意义上，第二次鸦片战争才成为中国近代历史的真正转折点。太平天国之后清政府之所以能有所谓“同治中兴”，是因为得到了列强的支持；列强也得益于清政府对外立场的转变，可以在华谋取更多利益。因此，晚清时期中外合作是主流，是清政权能够延续近半个世纪统治的根本原因。

关键词: 晚清时局, 夷夏观, 全球史, 第二次鸦片战争, 中外合作

Abstract: “There is a great controversy in the academic circles around how to evaluate the late Qing Dynasty. At present, there are mainly two dimensions or perspectives of nationalism and colonialism in the academic research and evaluation of the late Qing Dynasty, but these two dimensions or perspectives have their limitations. If we re-examine and re-evaluate the late Qing Dynasty from the perspective of global history, we will come to a totally di?erent conclusion. The biggest di?erence between the late Qing Dynasty and the previous period was that the relationship between China and the outside world had undergone fundamental changes, and the traditional Chinese concept of “Yi Xia” had been completely subverted. It was in this sense that the second Opium War was the real turning point in modern Chinese history. Sino-foreign cooperation was the mainstream in the late Qing Dynasty, which was the fundamental reason why the Qing Dynasty could continue its rule for nearly half a century.

Key words:  situation of the late Qing Dynasty, concept of “Yi Xia”, global history, the Second Opium War, sino-foreign cooperation