摘要：
政治极化是当前美国政治的一个显著特征，其中以精英层面的极化表现得最为突出。与精英极化相比，选民群体就其整体而言并没有陷入全面极化的状态，而是出现了明显的选边站队现象。政治精英与选民之间的这种“断裂”，是因为选举过程中基于党派利益的选区划分，对极端候选人有利的初选制度，以及推动候选人趋于激进的选举捐献具有强大的扭曲效应，结果导致选举产生的极端“代表”不能真正地代表广大选民。换言之，美国选举过程的制度性缺陷是形成政治极化的一个重要根源。
关键词:
美国政治 ,
政治极化 ,
选举制度 ,
精英极化 ,
选边站队
Abstract:
Political polarization is a prominent feature of contemporary American politics, and the elite polarization
is the most significant. Compared with the polarized elites, there is indeed a phenomenon of“party sorting”among
American voters. However, American voters do not show a deep ideological polarization trend overall. The distortion
effects of the electoral system, such as the gerrymandering based on party interests, the campaign finance that
promotes candidates to be more radical, and the primary system which is beneficial to extreme candidates, lead to
the disconnect between the political elites and the electorate. This phenomenon causes that the elected politicians
cannot perfectly represent the ordinary voters. In other words, the institutional defects in the electoral system are the important sources for political polarization in the United States.
Key words:
American politics
,
political polarization
,
electoral system
,
elite polarization
,
side selection
倪春纳.
选举制度如何放大美国的政治极化——对选民整体极化论的质疑
[J]. 探索与争鸣, 2021(2): 77-87.
Ni Chunna.
How the Election System Enlarges the Political Polarization of the United States
——Questioning the Theory of Electorate Polarization as a Whole
[J]. Exploration and Free Views, 2021(2): 77-87.