摘要：
对大变革时代社会调查的分析不能限于具体的调查内容及观点，而是应该确定研究者的理论方位，更应该注意问题发生的历史方位和世界方位。以此来看20世纪30年代前后的中国农村调查，分别有以卜凯为代表的“农业经济学派”，以陈翰笙为代表的“中国农村派”，以梁漱溟为代表的“乡村建设派”，三大学派在各自研究与调查的基础上提出了解决中国问题的不同方案。其背后不仅是政治立场和认识论之争，更是当时世界三大思想理论之争，是以美国为代表的自由主义、以苏联为代表的社会主义和 “新儒家”在中国问题上的解决方案之争。三大学派在理论上的差异导致了认识上的差异，现实的调查实践更是各有侧重。其结果是时代性的问题压倒了中国的一般性问题与特殊性问题，革命论战胜了改革论和改良论。马克思主义的社会主义理论在时间和历史发展线索上处于高位，生产关系革命论不仅被中国实践所检验，还解决了中国问题和民族危机。
关键词:
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社会调查｜历史方位｜世界视角｜理论方位｜时代性
Abstract:
The practice of social investigation in the era of great change should not be limited to the specific practical process, but should pay attention to the historical and world directions of the problems, and at the same time, we should also study the theoretical orientation of the researchers. From this point of view, the rural survey in 1930s shows differences. The agricultural economic research represented by John Lossing Buck, the China rural group represented by Chen Hansheng and the rural construction intellectuals represented by Liang Shuming, put forward solutions to China’s problems on the basis of their respective research and investigation. The differences in theory lead to differences in understanding, and the practical investigation practice has its own emphasis. As a result, the theory of revolution has defeated the theory of reform and the theory of improvement. The reason lies in that Socialism theory is at a high position in terms of time or historical development clues. At the same time, the problems of the times overwhelm the general and special problems in China. The revolutionary theory of production relations guided by Marxism not only conforms to the reality of China’s problems, but also solves China’s problems and national crisis.
Key words:
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social survey｜historical orientation｜world perspective｜theoretical orientation｜epochal character
刘金海.
乡土中国与乡村调查研究｜从理论方位到历史定位——20 世纪 30 年代中国农村调查三大理论派别之争
[J]. 探索与争鸣, 2021(9): 121-130.
Liu Jinhai.
From Theoretical Orientation to Historical Orientation——The Three Factions’ Dispute on the Investigation of Rural Areas in China in the 1930s[J]. Exploration and Free Views, 2021(9): 121-130.