新世纪之交前，中国规模最大的阶层一直是农民。改革开放以来，包含农民工在内的工人群体，逐渐取代农业劳动者成为规模最大的阶层，实现了职业维度上的“换位”，并先后带动“农”和“工”在地域、户籍等广义上的位置交换。在此过程中，农民数量不断减少且其成员构成不断变化，工人在群体构成、劳动方式、行业分布和所有制分布等方面也发生了巨大的变化。“农工阶层换位”整体上是一场具有进步性的社会现象，与缩小贫富差距、优化社会结构和推动政治发展等在趋势上是一致的。当下，需要加强职业教育，注重职业农民与技术工人的培育，坚持城乡融合，在经济社会发展、城市化进程中，通过一系列体制机制改革，进一步消融“二元社会”，推进农民与工人实现更加全面的阶层换位。

农民, 工人, “三圈结构”, “农工阶层换位”, 国家治理

Before the turn of the century, the largest class in China was always the famers. Since the Reform and Opening-Up, the worker class including migrant workers have gradually replaced famers and become the largest class, realizing “the class transposition of farmers and workers” in the occupational dimension. During this process, the number of farmers continued to decrease, and the position of their internal members continued to change. Great changes also have taken place in the labor mode, industry distribution and enterprise ownership distribution of the workers’ group. “The class transposition of farmers and workers” is a progressive social movement as a whole, which is consistent with the trend of narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor, optimizing the social structure and promoting political development.

farmer, worker, “three-circle structure”, “class transposition of farmers and workers”, national governance