摘要：
随着人类社会迈入风险社会，国家和社会面临的人为或自然原因的灾难日益增加。然而，相似的灾难在不同国家和社会却会带来不同后果。那么，是什么因素导致灾难治理的异质性结果？一般而言，灾难治理的异质性效应受到国家能力、国家社会关系和政府质量的影响。其中，在国家能力维度，国家的汲取能力、强制能力和再分配能力有助于提升国家的灾难治理水平；在国家社会关系维度，社会自治和社会融洽有助于增强整体灾难应对能力和避免极端后果；在政府质量维度，应急管理和信息公开的制度运行对于灾难应对发挥关键作用。基于国家能力和国家社会关系两个维度，可以构建灾难治理异质性效应的类型学分析框架，将灾难治理的政治效应进一步区分为支持增强型、社会弥合型、制度重构型和秩序动荡型。灾难政治学既为灾难研究提供理论视角，也为现实世界中政府与社会有效应对灾难提供理论依据。
关键词:
灾难政治学,
国家能力,
国家社会关系,
政府质量,
风险社会
With the rapid development of human society, there is an increasing trend of man-made or natural
disasters. However, similar disasters have various consequences in different societies. What are the causes that
lead to the heterogeneous effects of disaster governance? Heterogeneous effects of disaster consequences are
influenced by factors such as state capacity, state-society relations and quality of government. Among them,
in terms of state capacity, state absorption capacity, coercive capacity and redistribution capacity effectively
improve the performance of disaster management; in the dimension of state-society relations, social autonomy
and social harmony can enhance the disaster response capacity and avoid extreme political consequences;
in the dimension of government quality, the institutions of disaster management and information disclosure
play a direct and key role in disaster governance. Furthermore, according to the two key dimensions of state
capacity and state social relations, we proposed a typological analysis framework on the heterogeneity effect
of disaster governance including the supporting strengthening type, the bridging conflicts type, the institutional
reconfiguration type and the persistent chaos type. In sum, disaster politics provides an important theoretical
perspective for disaster study, and also provides a theoretical basis for how the government and society respond to kinds of disasters.