摘要：

新型人类增强技术的现实应用和可能前景引发了诸多学者关于“超人类”的讨论。从机体哲学视角看，人类本质上是生命机体、人工机体、社会机体和精神机体的耦合。人类增强技术作为改造人类自身机能的技术，如果能够带来各类机体的协调发展，将使人类发展进入更高级阶段但不会催生出“超人类”；如果人类增强技术的应用破坏了各类机体的和谐关系，就会带来人类生存方式的异化，这种意义上的“超人类”对人类社会是不利的。富勒等乐观派提出的理由和悲观派对“超人类”的忧虑都存在忽视各类机体之间有机联系的倾向，前者孤立看待人类增强技术带来的益处，而后者夸大了人类增强技术带来的风险。运用机体哲学的原则和方法评价“超人类”的相关思潮，有益于新型人类增强技术的健康发展。

关键词: 人类增强技术, 超人类, 机体哲学, 异化

Abstract:

The practical application and possible prospect of human enhancement technology have triggered many discussions on “transhuman”. From the perspective of philosophy of organism, human beings are essentially the coupling of living organism, artificial organism, social organism and spiritual organism. If human enhancement technology can bring about the coordinated development of various organisms, it will make human development enter a higher stage but will not produce “transhuman”. If the application of human enhancement technology destroys the harmonious relationship between various organisms, it will lead to the alienation of human living style. In this sense, “transhuman” is not good for human society. Both the reasons given by optimists such as Fuller and the worries of pessimists about “transhuman” tend to overlook the organic connections between various organisms. The former treats the benefits of human enhancement technology in isolation, while the latter exaggerates the risks. It is beneficial for the healthy development of human enhancement technology to evaluate the relevant thoughts of “transhuman” by the principles and methods of philosophy of organism.

Key words:

human enhancement technology,  transhuman,  philosophy of organism,  alienation