最近十多年里移民政策成了美国政治争论的中心问题。回顾历史，美国移民政策总体上呈现出开放与限制之间的周期性摇摆特征，而影响移民政策波动的是内嵌于美国社会的三重张力。具体而言，在价值观念上，自由民主的理念要求美国接收更多的移民，但这又可能造成美国认同的衰微。在经济利益上，移民既被认为是繁荣之源而受到欢迎，又被认为是社会负担而遭到排斥。在政党政治上，两党在移民问题上的不同立场也加剧移民问题上的论战。在对美国移民政策历史变迁进行梳理与分析的基础上，可以发现，正是三重张力在不同时期的较量与组合，影响了美国移民政策在开放与限制之间的摇摆。

移民政治, 美国政治, 族裔政治, 政治认同, 政党政治

In recent decades, immigration has become a central issue in American politics. Looking back on history, American immigration policy has shown periodic swings between openness and restriction, with the fluctuation of policy being influenced by the triple tensions embedded in American society. Specifically, with regards to values, the ideals of liberal democracy require the United States to accept more immigrants, but this may lead to a decline in American identity. In terms of economic benefits, immigrants are both welcomed as a source of prosperity and ostracized as a burden on society. In terms of party politics, the immigration debate is further intensified by the different positions of the two major political parties on this issue. By examining and analyzing the historical changes in American immigration policy, it can be seen that it is the competition and combination of the triple tensions in different periods that have influenced the swings of American immigration policy between openness and restriction.

immigration politics, American politics, ethnic politics, political identity, party politics