摘要：

宋明道学与西方形而上学对有无关系的理解存在分殊，前者理解成以无开端的有，后者只相信以有开端的无。这是基于中西两种不同的甚至是颠倒的文化结构模式，即中国文化所立足的是行为和德行，而西方文化所崇尚的是认知和科学。因此，在知和行的关系上，道学的形而上学本质上是一门“伦理学之后”的实践哲学，它即使涉及一些认识论问题，也不是为了追求“真理”，而只是为了给人的伦理行为寻求某种宇宙论的“模型”。西方形而上学则把“对思想的思想”看作哲学的最高目的，即超感性的神。这就是宋明理学的“天理”和西方的“理性”的根本区别。所以在言和意的关系上，西方形而上学的理性精神骨子里是一种语言的“逻各斯”精神，它通往上帝的圣言，只能是意在言内，讲究的是逻辑的清晰性；而道学的精神则是意在言外，无论理学或心学，都是如此，将语言的隐喻性发挥到了极致。

关键词:

宋明道学, 形而上学, 有与无, 知与行, 言与意

Abstract:

There is a difference in the understanding of the relationship between existence and non-existence between Song-Ming Daoism and Western metaphysics. The former is understood as having without a beginning, while the latter only believes in having with a beginning. This is based on two different, or even inverted, cultural structural patterns between China and the West, where Chinese culture is based on behavior and virtue, while Western culture advocates cognition and science. Therefore, in terms of the relationship between knowledge and action, the metaphysics of Taoism is essentially a practical philosophy after ethics.Even if it involves some epistemological issues, it is not to pursue“truth”, but only to seek a certain cosmological“model”for human ethical behavior; Western metaphysics regards the“thought of thought”as the ultimate goal of philosophy, that is, the transcendental god. This is the fundamental difference between the“natural law”of Neo-Confucianism in the Song-Ming dynasties and the“rationality”of the West.

Key words:

Song and Ming Daoism,  metaphysics,  with and without,  knowledge and action,  speech and meaning