摘要：

对于文明的类型与转型，国内多数学者局限于“古今-中西”的框架中，然而这一文明类型的划分看到的是文明的外在性，即时代性和地域性，忽视了文明的主体，即人本身。从人性-需要的新维度审视各种文明可以发现，人性及其需要的外显表现为文化，而文化要素的整体构成一种文明。人性-需要包含了物欲-生理、自保-安全、社群-归属、耻感-尊严、理性-认知、鉴赏-审美、信仰-超越等元素，由之衍生出同构性的诸文化要素和作为其整体的文明类型。于是，内在的人性-需要便构成了文明的本质，也成为文明划分的主要依据和引导文明转型的方向与目标，基于此建构的文明将既是中国的，又是世界的新文明。

关键词:

人性, 需要, 文明类型, 文明转型, 古今中西

Abstract:

Most Chinese scholars limit their understanding of civilization types and transformations within the framework of “ancient-modern and China-West”. However, this classification emphasizes the external characteristics of civilization, while overlooking the central aspect of civilization. By examining various civilizations from the perspective of human nature and needs, it can be observed that the external manifestation of human nature and its needs is culture, and the combination of cultural elements forms a civilization. Human nature and needs encompass elements such as material desires and physiological needs, self-preservation and security, shame and dignity, rationality and cognition, appreciation and aesthetics, as well as faith and transcendence. These elements give rise to various cultural elements that share the same structure and form the overall civilization type. Therefore, the inherent nature and needs of human beings constitute the essence of civilization and serve as the main criterion for classifying civilizations as well as guiding the direction and goals of civilization transformation.

Key words:

human nature,  needs,  civilization type,  civilization transformation,  ancient-modern and China-West