养老观念包含着人们对于国家、社会与个体关系的认知。近代英国的养老责任个人化观念与对老年贫困的污名化加剧了养老危机。在新自由主义与社会主义的影响下，1908 年英国依据普遍权利和免费原则实行养老金立法。全民免费养老金制度体现了养老观念的重大变革：一是明确社会应对老年贫困现象负有责任，国家有义务为全体国民提供养老保障；二是承认获取养老福利是国民的普遍权利，改变了道德规训和污名化趋向；三是确认养老金不以财产权利为领取前提，也不构成对个人财产权的扩展。养老观念的变革提供了对国家职能与财产权的新理解，依托个人财产和交换的养老话语逐步让位于国民权利话语，对 20 世纪社会保障制度的完善与福利国家建设产生深远影响。

养老观念, 英国, 贫困, 财产权

The concept of pension encompasses individuals’ perception of the relationship between the state, society, and individuals. Taking modern Britain as an example, it is evident that the notion of personalized responsibility towards the elderly and the associated stigma of poverty have exacerbated the crisis faced by older adults. Influenced by new liberalism and socialism, British pension legislation was introduced in 1908 based on the principle of universal entitlements without charge. The implementation of a universal pension system reflects significant shifts in attitudes towards old-age support: firstly, it emphasizes society’s responsibility for addressing elderly poverty while obligating the state to ensure senior citizens’ financial security; secondly, access to pension benefits has become a fundamental right for all citizens, eliminating moral judgment and social stigma; thirdly, eligibility for pensions is not contingent upon property rights or an extension thereof. This reformulation of old-age care concepts introduces a fresh understanding of property rights whereby discourse surrounding personal property andexchangegradually yields to discourse about citizen entitlements. These changes have had profound implications for enhancing social security systems and constructing welfare states throughout the 20th century.

concept of pension, UK, poverty, property right