在“社会资本”理论这一名号之下，实际上存在着两个研究“阵营”：关注个体（无论是单个的个人还是单个的组织或群体）如何借助其拥有的“社会资本”来达成自身目的的研究者，倾向于将“社会资本”看作是“嵌入于社会关系网络之中的、可以为个体借取和使用的资源”。关注作为整体的社会如何借助其“社会资本”以克服集体行动困境从而提升社会的整体效益和福祉的研究者，倾向于将“社会资本”等同于“群体或社会内部的社会关系网络以及体现这种关系网络性质的信任、规范、公共精神等”。个体的“社会资本”的作用显示出“强关系优势”和“弱关系优势”两种不同的情形：“弱关系优势”所体现的是信息的影响；“强关系优势”所体现的是权力不合规使用的影响，意味着特殊主义伦理处事方式对普遍主义伦理准则的扭曲。当个体的“社会资本”的作用主要是由“强关系优势”所体现的权力施加影响时，个体的“社会资本”和社会的“社会资本”会形成一种负相关的关系。着眼于促进整体社会的良性运行和福祉收益，必须限制“强关系”作用，培植社会的社会资本。

个体的社会资本, 社会的社会资本, 弱关系优势, 强关系优势, 权力, 信息

Under the theory of “social capital”, there are actually two research camps. Researchers who focus on how individuals use their own “social capital” to achieve their own goals tend to view “social capital” as resources embedded in social networks that can be borrowed and used by individuals. Researchers who focus on how society as a whole can enhance and utilize its “social capital” to overcome collective action difficulties and enhance the overall benefits and well-being of society tend to equate “social capital” with the social relationship network within a group or society, as well as the trust, norms, public spirit, etc., that reflect the nature of this relationship network. The role of individual “social capital” shows two different situations: “strong relationship advantage” and “weak relationship advantage”. The advantage of weak relationships reflects the influence of information; The “advantage of strong relationships” reflects the impact of non compliant use of power, which means that the special ethics approach distorts the ethical norms of universalism. When the role of an individual’s “social capital” is mainly influenced by the power reflected in the “strong relational advantage”, a negative correlation is formed between the individual’s “social capital” and the society’s “social capital”. Therefore, in order to promote the healthy operation and welfare benefits of the overall society, it is necessary to limit the role of “strong relationships” and cultivate social capital.

individual social capital, social capital of society, weak relationship advantage, strong relationship advantage, power, information